Lack of Sleep

A) Main point one: The long term effect of lack of sleep is bad judgment and Forgetfulness. 1) Subpoint 1 : Bad judgment is caused by lack of sleep. i. Sub-sub point * Science daily (Mar , 2 ,2007)-research has shown that bad sleep can adversely affect a person's physical health and emotional well-being. However, the amount of sleep one gets can also influence his or her decision-making.A study published in the March 1st issue of the journal SLEEP finds that sleep deprivation impairs the ability to integrate emotion and cognition to guide moral judgments. * The lack of sleep a person will tend to be quick to get upset, stress depressed, mentally exhausted and less energized throughout the day. * This will in turn lead to interpersonal relationship will be affected 2)Subpoint 2 :Forgetfulness Sub-sub point * Lack of sleep also alter our production of hormones involved in the process of thinking and remember something.Therefore when we lack of sleep we will be a quick forget. Forgetful is persistent failure to remember a piece of information and it is difficult to learn a new things. * Forgetfulness nature not only among the elderly, but also between a young people under thirty years due to the lack of sleep. B. Main Point Two: The long term effect of lack of sleep is weight gain and obesity. Subpoint 1 :lack of sleep may lead to obesity, according to a Harvard study. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a trial of 21 men and women observed in a sleep laboratory ,those who allowed to sleep only 5. hours of sleep in a 24 hours period over 3 weeks had a slow metabolism and a reduction in insulin production, those changes can lead to weight gain and increase blood sugar according to research published in the Journal Science Translation Medicine. Subpoint 2:Mechanism that involved in explaining the connection between sleep and obesity. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * mechanism involved in regulating metabolism and appetite are beginning to explain the connection between sleep and obesity.During sleep our body will secrete hormones that help to control appetite ,energy metabolism and glucose processing. Obtaining too little sleep upsets the balance of those and others hormones. C. Main point Three:Depression is an effect that is caused by lack of sleep. Subpoint 1 :Depression is caused by lack of sleep. I. Sub-sub point/elaboration * In a  study of 18,980 people in Europe conducted by Stanford researcher  Maurice Ohayon, MD, PhD, people with depression were found to be five times more likely to suffer from sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep problems develop depression may indicate that sleep disorders and depression have similar causes or risk factors. * Research shows that children with depression who experience a lack of sleep or who sleep too much are more likely to have longer and more severe episodes of depression. 2. Subpoint 2:Depression can affect our health. I. Sub-sub point * When sleep is disrupted or inadequate, it can lead to increas ed tension, vigilance, and irritability. Physical or emotional trauma and metabolic or other medical problems can trigger sleep disturbances.Poor sleep can lead to fatigue. Eventually, you find yourself in a vicious cycle of inactivity and disturbed sleep, which causes both physical and mood-related symptoms. II. Sub-sub point/elaboration * Patients may suffer from a range of insomnia symptoms, including difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, unrefreshing sleep, and daytime sleepiness. * People with insomnia have a 10-fold higher risk of developing depression shows by research. * Depression affects all types of people from all over the world.For older adults, higher rates of depression and sleep problems may be explained in part by higher rates of physical illness. Among women, motherhood and hormonal changes throughout the life cycle (menstruation, menopause) may contribute to higher rates of depression. iii-Conclusion A. Brakelight As a conclusion, B. Summary if you are struggling with sleeping disorder, you should start searching help from the doctors because as you can see the effects of lack of sleep such as depression, gain of weight, and poor memory obviously will affect your life.If you keep thinking that sleeping disorder is not even matter to you, now you already knew the consequences caused by it. C. Tie Back to Audience It is much more important to us as a student to have enough sleep to keep us active all day. Try to imagine if you do not get your 8 hours sleeping time per day, what will happen when you wake up the next morning and go to the class? You will have a weak body and cannot give your full concentration in the lecture hall. This problem will lead to the dropping of your performance in university. All students never want it to happen to themselves.Thus, you should take an action immediately if you struggling with sleeping disorder to improve your lifestyle and hopefully will be helpful to maintain the good performance in yo ur studies. Reference: 1. Chris , I. M. (2012, September 14). Depression and sleep: Getting the right amount. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from : http://www. everydayhealth. com/health-report/major-depression/depression-and-sleep-the-right-amount. aspx 2. Joseph, G. (2012, July 24). Sleep and depression. Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from: http://www. webmd. com/depression/guide/depression-sleep-disorder 3. Hannah , T. 2011, January 27). Can a lack of sleep cause depression? Retrieved on 14th November 2012 from: http://www. marieclaire. co. uk/news/health/514265/can-a-lack-of-sleep-cause-depression. html 4. Ostrow , N. (2012, April 12). Lack of sleep. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from: http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-04-11/lack-of-sleep-may-lead-to-obesity- harvard-study-suggests. html 5. Ann, D. (2012, March 20). Lack of sleep-weight gain. Retrieved on 17 November 2012 from: http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/lack-of-sleep-weight-gain 6.Univer sity Of Chicago Medical Center (1999,October 25). Lack Of Sleep Alters Hormones , Metabolism ,Simulates Effects Of Aging , ScienceDaily. Retrieved on November 16, 2012 ,from : http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/1999/10/991025075844. htm 7. Camille Peri (2012 , September 14). 10 Things To Have About Sleep Loss. Retrieved on 16 September 2010 , from : http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/10-results-sleep- 8. Karen Smith ,(2012). Long Term Effect Of A Lack of Sleep . Retrieved on17 September 2012 from:http://www. ehow. com/info_8207538_longterm-effects-lack-sleep. html

The Gift of the Magi Analysis Base on Mla Format

Name Subject Lecturer Date Sacrifice Della and Jim as a Young Married Couple in â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† By O. Henry William Sydney Porter who also known by his pen name O. Henry. He was born on September 11, 1862 in Greensboro, North Carolina. O. Henry was an american author that always make excellent literary’s work with twist plot, suprising ending and irony as his style and usually his works also inspired by social live or condition. The several famous O.Henry works like  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Ransom of Red Chief, â€Å"The Furnished Room† and â€Å"The Gift of the Magi. † The Gift of the Magi to tell about a young married couple (Della and Jim) who to face the economic crisis in their live. They supposed to buy a prize for the Christmas Eve, but they just have bit money. Della who have a beautiful hair and Jim have a precious clock, finally Della’s sell her hair, and buy an expensive chain for Jim’s clock, and Jim sell his precious clock and h e changes it into an expensive hair accessories.The gift of the magi who setting when Chrismast Eve, with the main characters Della and Jim, the theme about a young marriage couple who to test their love in the Chrismast Eve, and the irony happens at the time they gift their present for each others. In this work O. Henry describe about young couple married, Della and Jim still young but they will become an adult when they’re try to solve their own problem. O.Henry describes the character Jim have a mature think, likewise Della’s, Della character is not an egoist wife, and an understanding wife and also she try to not bothered his husband otherwise she really helps Jim with : â€Å"Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Della counted it. † Della’s understand their economic condition, and that’s way she help her husband.And how about Jim? Jim is a sample of husband who has a duty to make his wife happy; he’s a hard working man. He is also selling his precious clock to give Della Chrismast present with an expensive hair accessories. O. Henry makes a solving Della and Jim problems are, Della finally find how the way she can give her husband a prize, she’s sells her beautiful wave hair, and then she buy her husband and likewise with Jim. They immolate their precious things to give a present in the Chistmast Eve.Then in the relationship of marriage needs an understanding feeling without this feeling the relationship will be broken moreover they are still young couple, many young couples who have egoistic characters because they still young and difficult to control their emotions and finally get divorce is the best solution . But, differ to Della and Jim, they look so mature person when their face into trouble life, they have sacrifice love: â€Å"De ll,† said he, â€Å"let's put our Christmas presents away and keep 'em a while. They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now suppose you put the chops on. In this works O. Henry likes neutral when describe their both characters. He’s use the feminism and heroic fenomens in describing each character. Della a strong woman and Jim a sincere man. They sincerity and their sacrifice love suitable as an example to the others young married couples. Works Cited Henry, O. â€Å"The gift of the magi. † Web. 19 Dec. 2012. Henry, O. â€Å"The gift of the magi. † Theme. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. Henry ,O. â€Å"Wikipedia. † Web. 19 Dec. 2012.

The book of Nightmare By Galway Kinnell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The book of Nightmare By Galway Kinnell - Essay Example The book contains ten poems. It is possible to single out two poems which reveal the main themes articulated in the book: â€Å"Under the Maud Moon† and â€Å"Little Sleep’s-Head Sprouting Hair in the Moonlight†. â€Å"Under the Maud Moon† is the first poem presented in the book. It is possible to regard the poem as an introductory one. Kinnell starts depicting one of his frightening worlds and in the very end of the poem he states that the book is the book of nightmares which many people still would like to read because the real world is full of nightmares and there is no escape from them. The only way to handle with one’s nightmares (as suggested by Kinnell) is to understand that there are people who can always help. It is important to point out that the poet uses very evocative language. Metaphors, similes, allusions serve to create a very special atmosphere of dark and gloomy world. More so, it is possible to state that the poem has a definite m agic color. Of course, black color prevails in the first poem of the book: â€Å"black ashes, black stones† and a black bear (Kinnel 3). Even the time is colorful since even â€Å"a moment, turns blue as coal† (Kinnell 6). Admittedly, such images and colorfulness help Kinnell create the world of nightmares. The other poem which is also representative is â€Å"Little Sleep’s-Head Sprouting Hair in the Moonlight†. The poem appears in the middle of the book and it also reveals the world of nightmares which frighten a little child. In this poem the poet contemplates on people’s life which is cyclical. Kinnell tries to comfort his child who â€Å"scream[s], waking from a nightmare† (49). He depicts the images from nightmares and then thinks of the real life stating that everything passes. The poet claims that any nightmare ceases to exist when there is someone who can support a person. Kinnell emphasizes the great power of love which is stronger than any nightmare. This poem reveals the major idea of the entire book: any nightmare can be defeated since there is always somebody who can help. In spite of the fact that the poems considered above are the most representative another poem deserves as much attention. The poem â€Å"The Dead Shall Be Raised Incorruptible† is slightly different from the rest of the poems presented in the book. It is not different stylistically. Like all the poems in the book it is full of bright similes and metaphors. However, it is possible to state that it is more emotional and it is more realistic. The poem appears in the middle of the book. It does not depict some non-existing world of someone’s nightmares, but reveals the major vices of the contemporary society. The poem is very personal and it seems it is a kind of confession and self-reflection. The poet stipulates his ideas about the world around him: â€Å"I, Christian man, groan out this testament of my last will† (Kin nell 42). The poem is really impressive since it proves that the most frightening â€Å"nightmares† happen in the real world because of the imperfect nature of a human being. In conclusion, it is possible to point out that the book is a must-read for all young people. Kinnell wanted to depict the world of nightmares and he managed to do it. Many people are likely to be impressed by the book. In the first place, the reader will plunge in the world of a talented poet. The reader will understand that apart

Health disparities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health disparities - Essay Example This research paper â€Å"Health disparities† examines the health issues in the modern day context. One of the important findings that can be observed from the article that the prevalence of health disparity in the form of osteoporosis is quite high amid the women belonging to Switzerland and is anticipated to raise dramatically in future due to the significant factor of aging population. However, there are certain strategies or policy interventions that can be followed in order to deal with one of the imperative health disparity of osteoporosis. The strategies might include screening and assessing fracture risks relating to the health disparity of osteoporosis. Health disparities are often considered to be one of the critical issues in the modern day context. It is generally caused due to improper treatment of various individuals along with various discrepancies. It has been apparently observed relating to the article that the women in the US are largely suffering from the he alth disparities of BDM and osteoporosis at large. It can be stated that one of the major reasons for the occurrence of the previously mentioned health disparities is aging population that is mounting extensively in the US. Furthermore, smoking has also been identified as the other chief reason for creating such health disparities. Health disparities can be reduced with promotion of personal dignity along with responsibility of a person. They can also be improved through establishing effective communication. (Kutner, 2006). Moreover, the health disparities can be improved through maintaining the instructions prescribed by medical specialists. In this similar context, there are certain effective strategies that can enhance the health of the Swiss women who have been suffering with the critical health disparities like BDM and osteoporosis. One of the effective strategies for the population i.e. the Swiss women who are extremely suffering from BDM and osteoporosis is the intake of calc ium or vitamin, either in the form of diet or exercise. Apart from intake of calcium or vitamin, the population suffering from the aforementioned critical health disparities can also enhance their health through performing weight-bearing exercises (The Joint Commission, 2008). It can also be stated that the application of mammography-screening can also be used as an effective strategy in improving the health disparity of BDM and osteoporosis amid the population of Swiss women. This particular screening would lessen the aforementioned health disparities by conducting screening tests in the initial stage enabling the patients to keep fit (Lee, Mountain & Koenig, 2001). Addressing Similar Health Issues for Women Population The women population in the US facing health issues such as BDM and osteoporosis are required to experience certain significant treatments to keep themselves free from such critical health hazards. It can be affirmed that the patients suffering from osteoporosis and BDM are required to have proper treatment concerning their bones. The treatment regarding such health issues can be addressed in accordance with primary intervention. In this regard, relating to BDM, it can be addressed through conducting general screenings for lessening the risk of fractures. In the context of tertiary prevention, different aspects like mobility aiding,

Democratic Practices in Botswana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Democratic Practices in Botswana - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that democracy is, perhaps, one of the most elaborate of political theories and encompasses within its scope separate academic disciplines, namely philosophy, law, economics, political science, and sociology. The history of human civilization has witnessed yield of several political ideologies or â€Å"-isms†, each of which actually aimed at the welfare of common people but none of those have been so successful as that of democracy, which has represented the voice of commoners with an immense strength. The saga of democratic politics, according to the historical references, started with the ancient Greek civilization, â€Å"In the fifth century BC, Athens emerged as the most innovative and sophisticated ‘city-state’ or polis among many rival Greek communities†. Aftermath, in different ages, different human civilizations experimented with the democratic system of governance. On numerous occasions, statesmen and lea ders have clearly denounced the option to deliver democratic power to citizens and attempted to prohibit the rise of common people to power. However, none of these attempts prevailed and democratic system of governance has found its way through spontaneous urge of common people. The widest and most pervasive application of democracy started since the late 19th and inception of the 20th century. Prior to that time, the world witnessed evils of imperialism and colonialism.

Impact of Technology on Customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact of Technology on Customers - Essay Example Technology has greater influence on each of these phases. The first phase of the NPI process includes resource planning and trade off studies which are essential to identify potential outsource and offshore development opportunities (Benchmark electronics). For this purpose, organizations like Sony Corporation depend on highly developed information technologies including the internet. In the business plan development phase, technology has assisted the Sony to evaluate market opportunity, market risk, and other technical risks; hence the company could deliver effective services to its customers by understanding the main business issues behind product launching. Sony Corporation updates project costs and other project parameters in the project execution phase. Technology plays a significant role in the updation of projects parameters and development of deliverables for the next phase. Conducting gate reviews, the final stage of the NPI project makes sure that predefined conditions have been achieved and hence the project development is on track. In short, Sony Corporation greatly depends on technology in order to carry out its new product implementation programs effectively, and this practice in turn provides larger benefits to ultimate customers. Ways that added value from new technology Global organizations like Sony Corporation get ranges of benefits from the fast growing technology. The Sony has an online network presence in several formats. For instance, one of the company’s websites offers different information on its products and services. This website also provides information on corporate applications for its product and service offerings. Similarly, the company provides a Sony Card and PlayStation Card to its customers with intent to allow them in earning redeemable points while they purchase the company’s products and services. Sony’s Rebate Zone website gives rebates by mail following the purchase of a Sony HVR-V1U HDV Camcorder o r a Sony HVR-DR60 Hard Disk Recorder/Player (Sony marketing mix). The company’s expenditure of over $5 billion in 2009 can be directly attributed to its focus on research and development (R&D) activities. In addition, the focus on R&D has aided the company to launch technologically improved products in the market. For instance, the introduction of BRAVIA, ZX1, VAIO P series of notebook computer, and the Cyber-shot HX1 compact digital camera can be attributed to the company’s increased concentration on R&D activities. This practice also enables the company to revise its product base periodically. It is clear that R&D activities are largely based on wider application of modern technology. As a result of the faster technological development, the company is able to offer improved services to its customers. Support plan for customers Sony Corporation is a global company that daily deals with millions of customers. Customer satisfaction can be completely met only if customer s are provided with effective after sales services. In order to effectively answer various customer queries, the company must apply improved modern technology. Firstly, it is advisable for the company to establish an effective customer care system that offers 7/24 hours’ service. In addition, the company can offer toll free services to its customers for interacting with its customer care.

Pen Profile of the Client Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Pen Profile of the Client - Essay Example According to the paper, this evacuation lasted months, and it definitely had a psychological impact on Dereck. A man named Alexander who was evacuated at 11 years of age recalls. â€Å"We were dumped at a roundabout with our labels on. People pulled and tugged at the children they wanted. It was a bit like a cattle market... people just waded in. I went with a lady and her daughter - she was like a second mum† . Dereck feels disappointed with numerous aspects of his life. Whenever Dereck is faced with a challenge, he gives up. As a child, Dereck was not performing well in his studies, which is evident from the fact that he failed his 11 plus exams thrice. As an adult, Dereck once owned a pub, holiday flats and a shop. At the moment he doesn’t own any of these properties because he got rid of them. Dereck is intimidated by his younger classmates. When he is faced with a problem, he does not ask questions because he believes that he will hurt his pride. He feels that it i s too late for him to change who he is. Dereck is vigilant in pursuing his interests. This is evident from the fact that he likes counselling. Dereck has consistently attended classes and has been pursuing a degree in Psychology for nine months now. While growing up, Dereck realised he was good at sports. He played football at elementary school, where he eventually played for his town, his county and London. After school Dereck proceeded on to become a professional football player for 3 years. Dereck currently plays golf two or three times a week at a golfing society called Elderly Gentlemen’s Golfing Society. Dereck does not think he needs any counselling because he believes he has no problem. He believes that he does not need anybody to help him because he has nothing to complain about. Dereck thinks that he is conceited, proud and confident but all these traits can be attributed to the fact that he is insecure.  

Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Aviation - Essay Example At Miami airport, Jeff Bunting is in charge of airport noise mitigation operations and finds better ways of handling complaints filed by the neighbouring community. He has a great experience working with airports and he once helped New York come up with the best noise mitigation programs for helicopters. Noise management is never a one body role but also involves the federal government and also the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that determines the amount of airspace that a plane can cover to ensure safety. While trying to manage noise at their airports, there should be better plans on how the airport is designed including the flow of the runways. The place where land is acquired for constructing airports should also be well analysed in terms of the direction of flow of wind. This not only controls the landing and taking off of planes, but also minimizes the noise that reach community if well structured. Pilots and other stakeholders in airport operations should ensure that th eir planes have fitted noise management equipment from their manufacturers (Young & Wells, 2011). The NPIAS is a body authorized by the FAA and its main purpose is to make sure that public use airports are offering the best services by ensuring safety of its passengers. This body even checks for the safety of landing grounds for helicopters, including airports that are part of the NPIAS. Airports registered with NPIAS must meet some requirements including the fact that it should possess a minimum of ten aircraft within a period of five years and a potential sponsor who might take charge of the airport and develop it (Young & Wells, 2011). On the other hand, the National Airport System Plan (NASP) has the responsibility of assessing the factors to be considered when improving airport facilities. The two organizations are closely linked because NPIAS evolved from NASP so their main purpose tends to be airport services improvement. However, NPIAS is determined to bring change

Business IT AND SERVICES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business IT AND SERVICES - Essay Example Human Clouding is a concept that has emerged because of such kind of advances in information technology. Human Clouding refers to a situation whereby employees of an organization do not have a distinct working place. They only rely on the internet and tools of information technology to receive and send large volumes of data. This paper analyzes this concept of human clouding and its various models. When talking about the concept of cloud, people tend to talk about it, in terms of its technological nature, and the impact that it has had on how business personalities and people are able to access data, and communicate with each other (Rountree and Castrillo, 2013). Through an adoption of cloud computing technologies, business organizations are able to provide better flexibility to its employees, and they manage to change when, how, and where they work (Bellavista, 2010). However, cloud computing has not had a vigorous change on the manner in which people work, in a business organization. This is because people are still talking about employee relations in terms of their work place (Rountree and Castrillo, 2013). An individual’s place of work is equated with the business operation that an individual undertakes or is employed with (Bellavista, 2010). This is based on the misconception that the physical place of the business itself is the actual business itself. However, exp erienced and good business managers have the knowledge that a business organization does not consist of mortar, or bricks (Kaganer, Carmel, Hirscheim and Olsen, 2013). It consists of people, who are its employees. On this basis, a new concept of cloud has emerged, which is referred to as the human cloud. Under this concept, wherever place an employee chooses to work from, then that place is his or her work place. This concept further goes on to denote that the work force of an individual is the employer’s business organization. One of the major issues that emanates concerning

Fashion is dress in which the key feature is rapid changing of style Essay

Fashion is dress in which the key feature is rapid changing of style - Essay Example The essay "Fashion is dress in which the key feature is rapid changing of style" discusses the role of fashion in the changing of style. Irrespective of the degree of change in style; we are going through a phase of fashion revolution. The following factors are responsible for the continual change in fashion. The change in the society or social trends is highly evident if we focus on the dress of women. Over the years the style of dressing of women has undergone a considerable change. This can be attributed to the emancipation, equality and independence of women. There has been a remarkable change in the attitudes of and towards women and this attitudinal change is directly linked with their dresses. The past century has experienced the change in the dress of women the most. Before 1920’s women used to be confined indoors. Slowly they started venturing outside. They started attending social events and their past time included outdoor games in the early part of 20th century. So their dresses underwent changes providing them freedom in movement. Some even started moving out of homes for becoming career women. The outcome was a further change in their attitudes and style of their dresses. Emphasis was given on their comfort as they started spending long hours outside. Another indication of changing times and changing fashions was the vogue for the tango. Tango teas and tango parties became all the rage well before 1914†¦slinky dresses with their slit hems were ideally suited to the fashionable contortions. of the new dance, for which the traditional tea-gown would have been utterly incongruous. (p.77) While researching the style during 1930's, Ewing (1975) has observed: Where all kinds of women were leading busy, active lives, simple fashions were desirable for ordinary daily comings and goings, with the luxury of long low-cut gowns reserved for evenings. At this time evening dress were worn very widely in Britain on a great variety of occasions and by the working girl and the middle class housewife as well as by the Duchess and debutante. (p.111) With the advent of beach custom, fashion changed again as the favorite past time drifted from games to sun tanning on the beach. During the 1950's the most remarkable change in the swimming costume was the introduction of bikinis. The new independent superwomen of the 21st century, with their jobs, their money and secure futures are following new fashion with leaps and bounds. They are choosing dresses that enhance their personality as well as enable them to carry out the responsibilities of their jobs with ease. Since they are financially strong they are always in look of something different and this is one of the reasons why fashion is changing rapidly and continually. Other social trend that brought a change in fashion was the growing self-sufficiency of the middle class and men's interest in looking better. Gone are the days when fashion was considered to be the domain of only rich and famous or those belonging to the fairer sex. Today fashion has no barriers. Rich and not so rich, men and women, young and old and even children are becoming fashion conscious. So whatever style, the rich are following, are being followed by the poor also. The same designs are being copied on shoestring budgets by compromising a little on the quality

Richard III and Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Richard III and Shakespeare Essay In Richard III, Shakespeare draws its readers to participate in a fantasy of total control and domination. In the opening speech, Richard presents himself as a self-made villain, offering justification for his plans to execute the victims. However like every true villain, Richard has his henchman, Duke of Buckingham, who obeys his every whim and wish. As Richards co-conspirator, Buckinghams role in the play is important and he is termed by Richard as my other self. This slavish obedience was not free, as Richard promises him great reward for his evil support. As a conspirator, Bucking knew the detail of Richard’s countless murders, and above all Buckingham was the executer of Richard’s evil plans. As a result some historians have assumed that Buckingham was eyeing the throne of England, which is far from truth, even if we study his character from historical perspective. Historical Buckingham Duke of Buckingham was associated to the royal family in many ways through his daughters and sons. Buckinghams paternal grandfather was Humphrey Stafford, the 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was also the grandson and successor of Thomas of Woodstock, youngest son of Edward III, while his (paternal) grandmother Anne Neville was a granddaughter of John of Gaunt from his daughter side. His grandfather (maternal) Edmund Beaufort was a grandson of John of Gaunt, the youngest son of his son John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset. Buckinghams maternal grandmother Eleanor Beauchamp was descended from a daughter of William Marshal. Looking at this list of connections with royal family of England, some historian has assumed that, Buckingham had his eyes on throne. But the truth is, his chances of inheriting the throne were slim, despite the constant clashes among the Edward III lineage and in the houses of Lancaster and York. No doubt Buckingham was within unusual distance of the crown of England, his plotting of the throne of England is far from being plausible. Buckingham was born in 1454 during the reign of Henry VI, his father was killed at the first battle of St Albans in 1455, and his grandfather, the first Duke of Buckingham was killed in 1460, five years later. At the age of 11, he was acknowledged as Duke of Buckingham; and soon he became ward of the Queen Elizabeth Woodville. In the following year, he was forced to marry Catherine Woodville, the queen’s sister who was much older than him, which he hated all his life. After the death of Edward IV in 1483, Woodville’s tussled with Richard over the guardianship of the young Edward, Buckingham sided with Richard. As the parliament declared Edward V illegitimate and allowed Richard to ascend the throne and became Richard III. Buckingham supported Richard in the beginning, but later on associated himself with John Morton, Bishop of Ely, and his second cousin Henry Tudor against Richard in the war of succession. In 1483, this dispute grew, Henry Tudor tried to take the throne from Richard, Buckingham at this time was a stunch supoorter of Tudor, raised an army in Wales and marched against Richard to distract his attention. However Richard managed to put down the rebillion ,while Henrys ships were devsated by a storm which forced him to go back to Brittany. The storm also ruined Buckingham army, and the army desertated him, leaving him no way, but to escape in haste,however he was captured easily due to the bounty on his head. Richard convicted him of treason and he was beheaded in Salisbury without any delay Shakespeare Portrayal of Buckingham Shakespeare main source for writing the Richard III was Sir Thomas Moore’s History of Richard III, which reflects the caricature of Richard rather than the true Richard. It was but natural to portray Richard and his supporters as evil incarnate as the play demanded, Bucking was no exception. We must remember that Shakespeare was an entertainer rather than a historian, his aim was to create dramatic effect, which can be achieved by portraying the main characters as evil incarnate and he was successful in it. In the drama readers are introduced in (Act II) as Richard asks Buckingham to make him in his â€Å"unity†, Buckingham reply makes him happy. Shakespeare has depicted Buckingham as a crony, who in order to pleases his master cross all limits. In Act II, Elizabeth appears dishevelled and breaks the news that King is dead, Richard pretends to console her, while Bucking makes a false promise to bring Edward, Prince of Wales to London for coronation, instead the boys are taken to the Tower.. In the meantime Richard charges queen and Jane shore with sorcery and involves Hastings as well. Richard senses that Hastings is sympathetic towards the young king, which was enough suspicion to execute him. It seems Richard knew that Hastings could not trusted and was not trust worthy to confide him with his ultimate objective. Hasting is accused of plotting and without being given a chance for any explanation rushed to execution, despite being loyal to his master . It happens in front of Buckingham, but he feels no remorse nor any regret for the man who was innocently slaughtered. Soon Buckingham moves on Richard’s plan of convincing the London mayor and the citizens that Edwards IV sons are bastards and have no legitimacy to claim the throne. Buckinghams beats the drum of the wickedness of Edward IV, and his impure lineage (children). After spiting venom against the innocent children, he hears what he wanted to hear from the crowd King Richard! King Richard! which is accepted as an excuse for the allowing Richard to ascend the crown. Buckingham leads the aldermen and the chief citizens â€Å"in their best manner appareled† to Baynards Castle. Richard feigns that he has no idea, why have they come to him. Buckingham the lead player of the plot shouts up, imploring him to become king to fulfill people wishes. Richard pretends to reject their offer, but as the plan was devised successfully, Buckingham whispers, if Richard is unwilling, they have to find some one else. Richard in a show of great humility accepts the heavy burden of kingship. Buckingham continues to follow the whims of his master and orders Tyrrel to kill† those bastards† in the Tower and spreading the news that Lady Anee is dying. Buckingham does not hesitate for a moment to comply with the needs of his masters , aiding him in all his evil deeds. After becoming King Richard does not feel any more need of Buckingham and soon Buckingham falls from favour, especially when he reminds Richard of his promise of granting him earldom. Richard vehemently dismisses Buckingham and he switches his role from a sycophant to a rebel. Throughout the play Buckingham is playing the role of true sycophant, who does not hesitate to go to any limits as long it can please his master. Shakespeare has portrayed Buckingham as a chief agent and a henchman, who is born to conspire and please his master and get his blessings. This portrayal may not be historically accurate, but the accuracy was not an issue for Shakespeare. Being a dramatist he was writing for the sake of making business and entertainment, he has to portray what was easily comprehensible by the viewers in black and white. If the purpose is depicting evil, he would not hesitate to portray the hero of drama as evil as possible to create the dramatic effect, in which he was always successful. Shakespeare Characters According to Aristotle, â€Å"Character reveals personal choice, the kinds of things a man chooses or rejects which are not obvious†. Good characterization makes characters round and complex and larger than life to create realism in a pieace of literature. Modern historians find Buckingham portrayal as a distortion of historical truth, but Shakespeare was writing for entertainment, in which characters had to be larger than life. None of his plays were written for the sake of recording history accurately, but for entertainment and earning a livelihood. Richard’s is depicted in extreme to achieve maximum dramatic effect and so are all his villains, ultimate evil. In Aristotles treatment of character, a person acquires virtues through habitual behaviors and practices. The purpose of dramatis personae in tragedy is to teach the craft of ethical evaluation. Shakespeares characters are basically rhetoric or a linguistic agent, which expresses an important part of the truth about the world. According to Dryden, Shakespeare understood the passions of his characters and expressed them with certainty, subtlety and power. Shakespeares villains are born villains and evil to the core. For example Richard plans to usurp the throne by creating an opportunity, which did not exist. Shakespeare studied human beings very intimately and presented their inner most motives and thoughts in a simple and direct way. For example the opening scene of Othello characterizes Iago as a foul-mouthed sargeant with a malicious love for creating trouble and a hatred for Othello. The strength of Shakespeares plays lies in the absorbing stories they tell and in their wealth of complex characters with eloquent speeches depicted forcefully. Shakespeares characters are neither wholly good nor wholly evil, but it is their inconsistent nature that makes them memorable. In Twelfth Night, Viola is given the impossible task of delivering a message, while Olivia has banned all the visitors. Shakespeare creates a way perhaps by asking himself, how would a person deal in this situation, thus creating a unique way to see Viola meet Olivia. His characters do not appear out of nowhere, but are creation of the situation. For example the fatal flaw in Macbeth is ambition, but that’s not what Shakespeare shows to his audience, instead Macbeth is shown as an ordinary man, who is in an extra ordinary situation by sheer stroke of luck. Instead of becoming content at his success, Macbeth becomes restless and resorts to murder after murder to acquire the kingdom by all means possible. Othellos downfall is not because of jealousy, but it was the situation, which propelled him to behave in way, he behaved. Shakespearean characters have some motivation and the whole play revolves around it. For example Buckingham chief motivation was to gain rewards from the King, which kept him motivated, and he played on in all the events. It is assumed by the critics that his chief motivation was to become King, which is far from truth for the reason that even when he sided Tudor, he was still playing the role of a catalyst, rather than aspiring the throne. Its always motivation in one form or other, for example Macbeth is motivated by greed, Hamlet by ambition, and Shylock by revenge. It is often the crisis and dilemma, which shows the best of Shakespeare’s characters. The dilemma for Macbeth is, should he kill Duncan, for Othello the decisive matter is, whether Desdemona has actually been unfaithful? Hamlet is obsessed with the pain of indecisiveness and he cannot decide to kill or not to kill. For Buckingham once rejected by King, it was but natural not to trust him anymore, especially when the whole course of events were made possible by him. Had these character acted contrary to the their natural evolution, they would have looked factious and unrealistic and Shakespeare as writer would have died long ago. Shakespeares stories are situational and his characters evolve throughout the play. The protagonist in his plays do not stop but keep on evolving which keeps the audience enthralled till the end. Buckingham was unknown till Act II, and it is often hard for audience to consider him a major player in the series of events, soon he over takes the other supporting roles and in liaison with Richard untangles the web of conspiracies keeping the audience enthralled by his evil performance, which continues till the end of play. Buckingham was a man living in shadow till he finds Richard; combination of these two evil characters is a perfect prescription for a memorable play. There is no doubt, Shakespeare would have studied the history related to Richard and Buckingham era, but the question is not the historical accuracy of the Richards era, but rather assessing, how much Shakespeare is successful as a dramatist. For a modern reader it little matters, where does Buckingham stand in the course of history, but its Shakespeare’s pen, which made Buckingham immortal in history. Looking at the Richard III as a historical play, there is no doubt that Richard III is the image of an evil king among all his historical plays, and Buckingham as a major catalyst leads the events to its natural end. Conclusion Before Richard came into power, he needed supporters to achieve his political agenda, Duke of Buckingham proved to be the perfect man to execute his biddings. One reason was that during the service of Queen, Buckingham was not given enough attention and excluded from the royal patronage; Richard not only gave him attention, but also delegated royal authority. It was natural for Buckingham to be loyal and prove his loyalty by offering unflinching support, especially when Richard increase in power meant increase in his power. Moore presents Buckingham as a god-fearing figure who was brutal in his ambition, splendid in duplicity, yet lacking in substance. According to him, Buckingham was a fearful man, who was convinced by playing in Richard’s hand, that he has offended the young Edward V. Bucking feels, he is in danger, Should Edward assume power. However Buckingham knows that opposing Richard is playing with fire, as Richard was ruthless in dealing. However Moore tells, he repented his wrong doings and sided Tudor due to principal not out of personal greed. It is true that no one received as many favours as Buckingham due to which contemporary writers suspect that Bucking owned enormous powers and was planning to usurp throne for himself. But the truth is Richard was a man, who could not be stopped at any thing to reach his ambition. All his life, Richard has betrayed the people who were his relatives by blood. He used his supporters Hastings and Buckingham and then deserted them on lame excuses. After the study of Buckingham history, it is clear that Bucking did not have the capacity to overthrow the King. The families contesting for throne of England were powerful related to each other by blood; Buckingham could not reach their status. He could only win power and prestige by siding in this war of succession, which he honestly did all his life. Shakespeare may have portrayed Buckingham a bit more evil, who would go to any limits to please his master, still its not that far away for the true Buckingham, who supported Richard as long all his life and later on supported Tudors. However we cannot blame Buckingham for being involved in the royal tussle, as this is what noblemen of his times used to do to reach the zenith of the court life. Reference: Stewart (1949), Character and Motive in Shakespeare: Some Recent Appraisals Examined, Longmann. Bristol, Michael D (2003), Reading Shakespeares Characters: Rhetoric, Ethics, and Identity Christy. H (1994), Hamlet and the Concept of Character, Shakespeare Quarterly Summer Vol. 45. Richard III (2003), A Guide to the Utah Shakespearean Festival Insights. The Life and Death of King Richard III (2005), Wikopedia.

Models of Communication Essay Example for Free

Models of Communication Essay Communication Model: A model is an abstracted model of reality. A good model comes as close to reality as possible and discusses and explains the reality. But being an abstraction, a model is not a reality; it is only a representation of reality. For e.g: an architectural model is only a model of the house giving a fair idea of the number of rooms, layout etc; but it is not the house per say. Defination: communication model is a pictorial representation to show the structure of communication process in which various components/ elements are linked. They are based on assumptions that theorists make as to how communication functions and what effect it has upon individuals and society.a a variety of models exist, all of which strive to explain the different components of communication and the role each part plays in the total process. Advantages of models: * They allow us to ask questions * They clarify complexity by reducing the process to simple, more familiar terms. * They lead us to new discoveries by positioning hypothetical ideas and relationships. Limitations * Can lead to over-simplification. * Can lead to confusion between models and the actual behavior it potrays. * Models can be confused with reality. By looking at the models we hope to: * Represent the main lines of thought above the process of mass communication. * It provides us with historical review of the progress in human understanding of how communication works. Functions of models: * Providing images of the whole that one may not otherwise be able to see. * Helps in understanding information in a simplified way which would be otherwise complicated and ambiguous. Evaluation of communication models: * How general is the model? How much material does it organize? * How fruitful is the model? How helpful is it in discovering relations, facts or materials? * How accurate and original is the model? * How important is it to the field of enquiry? History: * Models started with a simple ‘source- message-channel-receiver’ process but were rapidly modified during the 50’s. * The 1950’s was a fertile period; critical aspects to the communication process were added to develop a more comprehensive picture. * During the decades of the 60’s and 70’s the interest in relevant model building had shifted towards search on specific aspects of the model rather than the process. * Also increasing complexity of understanding of the process made diagrammatic representation difficult. Aristotle’s model of communication: Writing 300 years before the birth of Christ, Aristotle provided an explanation of oral communication that is still worthy of attention. Based on five basic elements, his model is focused more on public speaking rather that interpersonal communication.

Building Peace After Armed Conflict in Bosnia

Building Peace After Armed Conflict in Bosnia Provide a critical assessment of international efforts to build peace after armed conflict in Bosnia The Bosnian War broke out in March 1992, and persisted virulently along ethnic lines until the signature of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina on December 14, 1995. Also known as the Dayton Accords, the peace treaty was arguably the international community’s [1] most substantial contribution to ending the armed conflict. Many observers and Bosnians assess the immediate goals of the Dayton Accords as successful: Bosnians are no longer at war, and NATO forces enforced peace with few casualties. [2] Yet, while the Dayton Accords ended the war, the structural framework that it set up perpetuates the confrontation that drove the conflict. Thus, durable peace remains elusive. This paper critically assesses the international community’s strategy to build peace in post-armed conflict Bosnia by analysing three main variables: policy, political economy, and security and rule-of-law. This paper can do justice in a brief analysis to the complex dyna mics and issues of post-war Bosnia. Nonetheless, it demonstrates that the need for cooperative, local peacebuilding ownership is dire, and Bosnia requires systemic reform to enable it. Bosnia and the international actors have made great strides in forming positive peace. To date, however, the international coalition has lacked the political will and foresight to address the conflict’s underlying issues, creating a status quo that is unsustainable in the long term. The Dayton Accords structured Bosnia as one state with two autonomous components: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS). [3] The Accords institutionalised dysfunction within the political system, creating a state with uncertain capacity and legitimacy that relies on international actors and institutions. [4] Bosnia’s problems during war consisted of massacre, rape, and ethnic cleansing; today, Bosnia must deal with lawlessness, corruption, and economic stagnation. Overcoming the latter issues is critical to social, political, and economic growth. Since the end of armed conflict in December 1995, the international coalition has been attempting to transform power in war-torn Bosnia to realize a prosperous future. An effective transformation simultaneously addresses political, political-economic, and security dynamics. [5] The international community approaches these variables disparately and therefore counterproductively, detrimentally affe cting social, political, and economic development. Transforming political power and promoting self-governance A political transformation entails channelling the competition for power through non-violent outlets, most simply manifested through free and fair elections and legitimate governance. [6] Competition in Bosnia is now focused non-violently through its political system, though this accomplishment is only a half-success. The Dayton Accords implemented a highly fractured political system that has led to a fragmented state; ethnic rivalries—relatively quiescent under Josip Tito’s Yugoslavian regime, but enflamed through the conflicts following its dissolution—are entrenched in every political decision. [7] Bosnia’s decentralised power sharing prevents violence, but it does not promote peace; it instigates political gridlock. While the decentralisation may have been necessary to frame a successful peace agreement, the systemic dysfunction was not a necessary outcome of the armed conflict. Rather, it is (at least in part) a result of rushed elections after Dayton , propped up by an inefficient electoral system. [8] This is in addition to a failure to support the creation of alternative political and social projects in civil society, which exists isolated from Bosnia’s socio-political context. [9] The international coalition hoped that the Dayton Accords would lead to a political and social system that would help Bosnians develop a shared Bosnian identity. [10] The Accord had the opposite effect. In order to secure Bosnian-Serb support during peace talks, the negotiators agreed to establish a weak central government that would lack authority over ethnically based entities. Bosnia separated into two autonomous regions with 13 overlapping constitutions, officially dividing Bosnians into three separate ethnic groups. [11] After concluding negotiations, the international community rushed elections with a counter-productive electoral system. Rather than encourage compromise across divisions, the system reinforced ethnocentrism and the power of obstinate, nationalistic leaders. [12] Voters consistently cast ballots along ethnic lines, and the cumbersome political system masks corruption and incompetence once the leaders are in office. [13] The nationalists that entered office follow ing the Dayton Accords delayed institutional development that may have worked to unify the highly fractured society, out of fear of giving one party too much power. [14]This has become a pattern, with the main nationalist parties from Bosniak, Serb, and Croat factions maintaining control of the country’s three-seat presidency after elections in October 2014. [15] In the current system, no party has incentive to cooperate with another, and its decentralized nature allows one party to paralyze the frequently protracted negotiations that precede nearly every decision. [16] Political inaction has compelled the High Representative, with the power to force legislation and dismiss elected officials, to intervene multiple times. Meanwhile, doing so stymies democratic development toward a self-governing state independent of any international administrator. [17] The constitutional structure requires reform, though change proves to be difficult. To its credit, the international community has recognized this. However, diverse packages of carrots and sticks to incentivize economic and political progressincluding prospective European Union membership and sanctions, respectively proved ineffective. Even using these potent weapons, it has not been possible to force amendments to the constitution, says Matthew Parish, a former legal advisor to the international supervisor of Bosnias Brcko Districtks. [18] Nonetheless, the European Union and NATO continue to dangle membership prospects in front of the Bosnian government in hopes of encouraging reform. Any reform to improve the political system would likely strengthen the central government, thereby weakening the RS. This is the impasse between BiH and the RS. The RS frequently threatens secession in response to centralisation efforts. [19] There is no guarantee that movement toward EU or NATO member ship would end the zero-sum relationship between the RS and BiH. Instead, a strong civil society may be a viable method to resolve tensions between the two entities. The OSCE [20]has defined civil society in Bosnia as ‘the sum of public wills that act independently of the state without obstructing the state in carrying out its responsibilities’. [21]It is a space where civilian collectivization, through a diverse set of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), counterbalances the state’s power and prevents it from dominating society. [22] Ideally, a strong and functioning civil society would generate tolerance, modernisation and social participation, emphasising local participation in peacebuilding. [23] Given this potential, the international community has exerted significant effort to cultivate a strong civil society. Despite its attempts, however, the international community’s extensive influence in the country undermines its efforts. International efforts to bolster civil society growth are more often associated with the quantity of NGOs rather than their quality, and Bosnian citizens see civil society building programs as discounting local history and social dynamics. [24] Further undercutting its significance, political officials are arguably more accountable to the international community than to their voters. The High Representative ultimately determines the course of Bosnia’s politics. ‘Thus, the expectation that local organizations will hold political leaders accountable is a fundamental illusion,’ and civil society will remain weak and insecure. [25] Bosnian politics—opaque, unaccountable, and corrupt—are consequentially unaccountable to civilians. [26] The constitutional structure, while preventing violence, maintains ethnic tensions and causes citizens to pragmatically adhere to ethnic politics in response to their perceived insecurity and lack of political participation . [27] A strong civil society is not an antidote for Bosnian politics’ ills, though it is vital for long-term democratic growth. [28] Presently, citizens’ insecurity and its isolation from the state provide it with little space to promote reconciliation and contribute to peace. Establishing security and the rule of law While it may not necessarily be causal, one of the most accurate predictors of whether or not a state will descend into civil war is whether it has already experienced one. [29] A vital factor to prevent resurgent conflict is to establish a secure environment which precludes militant factions from pursuing goals through violence. [30] It is equally important to secure this environment with an institutional capacity to maintain the rule of law and to exact justice. [31] The international community in Bosnia has prevented conflict relapse, though it has done so by institutionalising the conflict, maintaining tensions. Simply put, the international community has created an environment in which it is costlier to fight a war than it is to compete for power through politics. [32] While resurging war may not be a likely possibility, Bosnia is mired in corruption, organized crime, ethnic tension, and violence that prevents political, social, and economic development—maintaining a stat us quo between armed conflict and durable peace. This is partially a result of internationally mandated post-conflict amnesty laws, prolonged war-criminal prosecutions, and a failure to transform the wartime economy into a legitimate formal economy. The international community demanded the establishment of the Federal Amnesty Law to prevent political prosecution of returning refugees, draft dodgers, and soldiers ‘charged with a crime, other than serious violation of international humanitarian law.’ [33] The international community intended to provide Bosnian citizens security whilst they rebuild their lives following the conflict. A number of Bosnian politicians and elites took advantage of the amnesty laws to include crimes like illegal commerce, tax evasion, and illegal use of humanitarian aid, and they expanded the time the amnesty covered to include January 1991. [34] These pardoned offenses may have provided relief to a number of soldiers that had committed regular wartime acts in line with the terms of the Amnesty Law. However, the expanded time-period also provided cover for corrupt officials’ crimes more than a year prior to the war. Amnesty laws forced prosecutors to drop pending investigations and i ndictments for politicians in the main nationalist parties, allowing them to continue to compete for power after the war. International actors sought prosecution for the alleged criminals that the Amnesty Law did not excuse. Chief among these prosecutions was that of the leaders of the warring factions for committing crimes against humanity, including genocide. As the international community saw was necessary following the Second World War, the Rwandan Genocide, and East Timor, justice is often requisite to attain durable peace. [35] The international community lacked the political will after the Dayton Accords to pursue war criminals for arrest, despite indicting them for their acts. The United States, for one, NATO’s member with the greatest capacity for force, refused to risk another Somalia-like war criminal hunt. The international tribunal had to rely on its member states to extradite the alleged criminals. This proved ineffective until the early 2000s: the international community was unwilling to take meaningful action to hasten or force extradition, and the states where war criminals resid ed were either unwilling or incapable of pursuing them. [36] Nearly twenty years after the war’s end, Ratko MladiĆ¡, Radovan KaradÃ…Â ¾iĆ¡, Goran HadÃ…Â ¾iĆ¡, and Vojislav Ã…  eÃ… ¡eljfour of the conflict’s most notorious war criminalsremain on trial. While 141 proceedings of the 161 indicted criminals have concluded, many critics state that the international tribunal has taken far too long to bring the accused to trial, and that those who have been found guilty have received lenient sentences. [37] This perceived lack of justice prevents closure, and perpetuates the doctrine of collective guilt over individual responsibility for atrocities. As a 2013 UN poll demonstrated, Bosnians must reconcile their past before they embrace their future. [38] The international community’s role in this has so far been mixed: the atmosphere of impunity is now over, though the results have been demonstrably underwhelming. [39] Bosnia’s unreformed political economy The World Bank estimates that Bosnia’s shadow economy composes X percent of its GDP. [40] The formal, legitimate economy remains highly dependent on external support, and founders in comparison to the underground market. The Dayton Accords catalysed an internationally led privatisation effort that led to rent-seeking and corruption; organized crime is woven tightly through the public and private sectors. Consequentially, the current situation in Bosnia is rife with contradicting relationships: the shadow economy complicates peacebuilding and international efforts, though international intervention has fuelled organized crime; moreover, while the clandestine economy frustrates reconstruction, citizens depend on it for survivalthe formal economy cannot support them. [41] The international community imposed an arms embargo on Bosnia in September 1991. The Bosnian-Serbs were better positioned geographically and financially to circumvent the embargo, and armed themselves through relatively accessible smuggling channels. [42] The Bosnian faction relied on international actors and, despite the United States’ tacit refusal to enforce the embargo and Iran’s assistance, was unable to obtain much more than small arms. At the start of the war, the Bosnian-Serbs possessed far superior artillery and firepower, outgunning the Bosnians nine to one. [43] Partially because of the military imbalance, the Bosnian-Serb forces were able to stage the longest siege in modern history on Sarajevo. Supplemented by the UN’s massive humanitarian relief aid effort, the Bosnians survived the siege through its reliance on diverse and ubiquitous smuggling networks—which the international community supported, often directly. [44] People most connected to the underground economy allowed the war economy, and thus the people, to survive. Throughout each side of the conflict, the newly enriched criminal elite formed ties with political leaders that persisted after the conflict. The international community has largely ignored a key correlation, and has thus failed to create a gainful, legitimate political economy: ‘The more criminalised the conflict, the more criminalised the state, economy, and society that emerge†¦criminal capital accumulated during a criminalized war has been converted to political [and economic] capital after the war.’ [45] `International finance institutions, particularly the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, mandated widespread privatisation. Bosnia, especially immediately after the Dayton Accords, lacked coherent regulatory institutions to manage market liberalisation and fair economic competition (Paris 2004). The international actors approached liberalisation before institutionalisation. Despite international oversight, this led war-time criminal elite to co-opt privatisation and deregulation. Corruption and botched privatisation efforts are in part responsible for today’s 44.5 percent unemployment rate (60 percent for 15-to-24-year-olds) and a $545/ month average wage. [46] Ostensibly, this partly caused protests in February 2014 across 30 cities throughout BiH and calls for the government’s wholesale resignation. [47] Bosnia’s post-Dayton political system facilitates this corruption through its radical decentralisation and weak regulation, failing to dismantle t he criminalized war-time economy. Bosnia’s future and the international intervention The international community’s direct intervention, in seeking to end the conflict swiftly, entrenched the confrontation in a top-down, zero-sum political system that lacks local legitimacy. If politicians adhere to international mandates, they risk alienating citizens. Local ownership, in its current form, would therefore limit external assistance. One possible remedy is to convert Bosnia to a welfare state. The international finance agencies have so far focused on establishing an environment conducive to private business. Privatisation, however, has returned few positive results. Massive, state-driven job creation could give citizens a stake in the government and spur economic development that private sector oligarchs are unwilling to approach. However, the state lacks the coherence and self-regulation to work across ethnic groups; it would require reform before taking such action, and if history is any indicator, opposing parties are likely to block any changes. Nonetheless, the international community’s neoliberal, one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable to Bosnian economic development. Bosnia faces a number of structural challenges that limit development. While it has managed to transform the competition for power through political channels, it maintains an insecure atmosphere in which Bosnians cannot hold their state accountable. In order to become more centralisedand therefore more efficientthe RS would necessarily relinquish power to the Bosniak majority. This is zero-sum dynamic that the Bosnian-Serbs find threatening. Reflecting on past tensions, they fear tyranny of the majority. Proponents of NATO and EU membership aver that membership would relieve the Bosnian factions of the fear that prevents constitutional reform. While EU membership would require the reform that it would ultimately allow, NATO membership requires less and is a relatively achievable future. [48] Nonetheless, NATO’s security guarantee does not necessarily extend to intrastate conflict. It is highly likely that NATO would intervene much swifter in a resurgent conflict in order to pr event a Srebrenica massacre redux, but that is already the case. Membership would provide measures to prevent the RS from seceding, but only to an extent; after all, this did not stop Scotland’s 2014 attempt at secession. International peacebuilding has so far provided Bosnians with security from armed conflict, though it has maintained an otherwise politically and economically insecure state. The ethnically divided country requires reform—that much is evident. While the international community is partially responsible for state’s dysfunctional structure, this does mean it should disengage from the country. On the contrary, the dysfunction has created a situation in which Bosnia is entirely dependent on international actors—disengagement could prove cataclysmic. Rather, the international community must change its strategy. Until it does, the international community must maintain a dysfunctional state, otherwise doomed to languish under ineffective domesti c leadership and international stewardship. [1] See Appendix A for a list of international actors [2] Hendrickson, Ryan. 2005. ‘History Crossing the Rubicon’. NATO Review. NATO. http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue3/english/history.html#top. [3] ‘Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. 2014. NATO. NATO. November 11. http://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_52122.htm?selectedLocale=en. [4] Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit States of Conflict: A case Study on Peace-Building in Bosnia-Herzegovina [5] Hawley, Leanard. 2007. Keynote Presentation: Policy and Strategies for International Intervention. The Cornwallis Group XII: Analysis for Multi-Agency Support. [6] Hawley, Keynote Presentation [7] Toal, Gerard, and Carl Dahlman. 2011. Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. Oxford University Press. [8] Roland, Paris. 2010. Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36, pp337-365. [9] Belloni, Robert. 2001. ‘Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. Journal of Peace Research 38(2). [10] Silber, Laura. 2005. ‘Dayton, 10 Years After’. The New York Times, November 5. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/21/opinion/21Silber.html?pagewanted=print_r=0. [11]Silber, Laura, and Allan Little. 1998. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. United States: TV Books Inc. [12] Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit. 2009. Institute for Public Policy Research. [13] idib [14] idib [15] Staff. 2014. ‘Divided Nationalists Win Bosnia Elections’. Al Jazeera, October 13. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/10/divided-nationalists-win-bosnia-elections-2014101314183747199.html. [16] Bennett, Christopher. 2010. Bosnia’s Paralysed Peace. United Kingdom: C Hurst Co Publishers Ltd. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/21/opinion/21Silber.html?pagewanted=2_r=2sq=dayton peace accordsst=nytscp=4 [17] Chandler, David. 2007. ‘The High Representative for Bosnia Still Runs It like a Feudal Fiefdom’. The Guardian, November 20. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/nov/20/russia.eu. [18] Salem, Harriet. 2014. ‘Bosnia Burning’. Foreign Policy, November 2. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/02/11/bosnia_burning. [19] source [20] Define [21] Belloni osce 1998b:3 [22] Belloni, Ernest Hellner 1994:5 [23] Belloni [24] Belloni, Curran 1998:4 [25] Cite quote [26] Transparency international [27] Belloni [28] source [29] Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. (2004) „Greed and Grievance in Civil Warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸, Oxford Economic Papers. [30] http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01306/web/pdf/wdr background paper_walter_0.pdf [31] Secretary of defence [32] source [33] See for list of covered offenses: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Amnesty Laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19 March 1998, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b33214.html [accessed 30 November 2014] [34] The Clandestine Political economy of war and peace in Bosnia [35] Judge Richard Holdstone, chief prosecutor of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, has argued the same: http://www.ecfr.eu/ijp/case/israel_palestine#fn1 [36] Source [37] http://www.icty.org/sections/TheCases/KeyFiguresoftheCases [38] UN poll [39] Twenty Years of International Criminal Law: From the ICTY to the ICC and Beyond Theodor Meron and Fatou Bensouda Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 107, (April 2013), pp. 407-420 [40] World Bank [41] [42] Cigar 1995 [43] Source [44] Source [45] Source [46] [47] Source [48] Sou

E.B. Whites Once More to the Lake Essay -- E.B. White Once More Lake

E.B. White's Once More to the Lake "Once More to the Lake", by E.B. White was an essay in which a father struggles to find himself. The essay is about a little boy and his father. They go to a lake where the father had been in his childhood years. The father looks back at those years and tries to relive the moments through his son's eyes. He knows he can't, and has difficulty dealing with the fact that he can't go back in time. E.B. White's way of letting the reader know that the father is in a way depressed, is through great detail and description. The story mentions how the lake has changes since the father had seen it last. How the once gravel roads have been paved over, and the sail boats are now replaced with boats with outboard motors. As the reader, one can sense a...

The Grade Inflation Epidemic Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Grade Inflation Epidemic      Ã‚  Ã‚   It's June, and another graduating class is hoping, among other things, to achieve high grades. Of course, "high" is a subjective target. Originally a "C" meant average; today however, the expectations and pressures to give and receive "A's" and "B's" takes its toll on teachers and students alike. This nullifies the value of the traditional grading scale and creates a host of entirely new problems. The widespread occurrence of grade inflation seriously affects the credibility of secondary and post-secondary education in America.    The definition of an acceptable grade has changed significantly over the years. Grade inflation seemed to begin in earnest in the late 1960s after the bombing of Cambodia. Male college students who failed their classes would lose their deferments for the draft. Some professors gave higher grades so their students wouldn't have to go to war. The cause of the problem wasn't the compassionate professors, but the national policy of linking the deferments to academic success (Hambert).    Unfortunately, along with the astounding cost of college education, comes a pressure for students to compete for scholarship dollars. Faced with losing the means of paying for their schooling, students will go to just about any length to assure good grades. Often clear ethics and morals take a back seat when it comes to doing whatever it takes to pass a course with a good grade. Any teacher with a heart would reconsider a poor grade that would cost a student the funding to complete their education. While some students might earn terrible grades in History, they may make terrific doctors someday. It seems absurd for a grade to have the power to sabot... ...set up to serve - the student.    Works Cited    Dwyer, Victor. "Are We Cheating Our Kids?" Mc'Clean's Magazine 14 Mar. 1994: 44-54 Franey, Lynn. "Inflation Pumping Up Students GPA's." Spokesman Review 20 May 2001: A4+. Hambert, Craid. "Desperately Seeking Summa." Harvard Magazine May 1993: 36-40 Mattern, Elizabeth. "Officials Debate Grade Inflation." Daily Camera 25 May 2001 http://www.thedailycamera.com/buffzone/news/131grad.html Moore, Patrick. "Grade Inflation at Public Universities: Who Profits, Who Pays?" UALR I. May 2001. http://www.ualr.edu/~epmoore/inflation.html II. Pitsch, Mark. "States Seek Goals 2000 Aid for Existing Efforts." Education Week Vol. XIV (1994): 17+. Srinivasan, Kalpana. "Forum to Address Grade Inflation." Yale 25May 2001 http://www.yale.edu/ydn/paper/3.27/3.27.95storyno.FE.html

Brave New World Essay -- Literary Analysis, Aldous Huxley

Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley and Nineteen Eighty- Four written by George Orwell reveal characters of the future world that have lost freedom due to the loss of valued qualities. Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and Helmholtz Watson compare to the characters in Nineteen Eighty- Four who were ruled under Big Brother. Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz disclose the loss of valued traits such as, responsibility, respect, individuality, and the capability of true love. In the future society Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz live in, they lack normal responsibilities. Consequences are unheard of. In Nineteen Eighty- Four Winston and other characters had certain responsibilities. They had to attend work and have children which were their â€Å"duties† but, they did not have to worry about normal responsibilities. They simply had no freedom to do as they please. In Brave New World they used a drug called Soma to escape on their â€Å"holiday.† It became a necessity for them. Lenina always sang, â€Å"A gramme is better than a damn† (Huxley 78). They did not know how to function without their escape drug. Society was dependent on Soma, â€Å"The holiday it gave was perfect and, if the morning after was disagreeable, it was so, not intrinsically, but only by comparison with the joys of the holiday. The remedy was to make the holiday continuous† (103). The characters in Brave New World were responsible for their happiness. They did not ever worry about dealing with any kind of consequences for their actions. They simply did as they pleased and took Soma to fix any type of problem. When John does not follow Lenina back to her room after the day they spent together she begins to tear, â€Å"Drying her eyes, Lenina walked across the roof to the lift. On her way dow... ...Still wearing her shoes and socks, and her rakishly titled round white cap, she advanced towards him. â€Å"Darling. Darling! If only you’d said so before!† (131). Lenina was dying to have sex with John. It was the only way she could express her feelings. She did not love John the way he loved her. Lenina was convinced it was the same because, she did not understand what true love was. Due to the lack of freedom and independence the characters in Brave New World do not have valued qualities. Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and Helmholtz Watson lack many qualities that make one human. In Nineteen Eighty- Four society was ruled under a close watch. They also lacked important valued qualities. Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz reveal the loss of valued traits such as, responsibility, respect, individuality, and the capability of true love throughout the novel.

Classic Drucker Book Report

Classic Drucker Book Report Recently, I had the pleasure of reading â€Å"Classic Drucker†. The book contains 15 articles from Peter Drucker that were printed in the â€Å"Harvard Business Review†. I chose a few takeaways with an explanation on why I chose them and how they can apply to your career. 1. â€Å"Whenever you make a key decision, write it down. † Next to it, write down what you expect the end result will be. † As you compile these decisions, review each on after an extended period of time.You will be surprised of your results and over time you may get increasingly accurate on your expected results. 2. â€Å"Mathematicians are born, but everyone can learn trigonometry. † Some people are just naturally more intelligent than others but at the same time, we can learn some of the components of what they know, and know those components just as much as they can. 3. â€Å"Manners enable two people to work together whether they like each other or not. † The words â€Å"please† and â€Å"thanks† go a long way in the business world. I even go as far as saying thanks when someone gives me a new assignment.At times they seem surprised but to be genuinely appreciative will show commitment to the team. 4. â€Å"Too many people work in ways that are not their ways, and that almost guarantees nonperformance†. Your peers may have work habits that are not the same as yours but that doesn't make them non productive. Productivity revolves around results, not one's arrival time, or the fact that a person prefers to wear headphones while they work. 5. â€Å"To be effective in an organization, a person's values must be compatible with the organization's values†.I interpreted this to mean, I am going to be much more successful if my values are aligned with my companies. Doing so will ensure that I am committed and passionate about my work, which has a better chance of leading to success. I wouldn't feel co mfortable working for a company that practiced in lying and cheating to achieve its objectives. 6. â€Å"It is incumbent on the people who work with them (bosses) to observer them, to find out how they work, and to adapt themselves to what makes their bosses more effective†.It has always been a goal of mine to keep all of my work off my boss’s plate, and to take responsibility for everything involving the products that I work on. The entire product might not be my responsibility but the more I can take on, the more my boss can be strategic. 7. â€Å"The theory of business becomes â€Å"culture. † But culture is no substitute for discipline, and the theory of the business is a discipline†. A company with a good culture that you are comfortable with might not necessarily relate to results.Culture doesn't necessarily meet deadlines. Tasks and rules seem to have a better chance of meeting guidelines than â€Å"family business†. 8. â€Å"All events but the truly unique require a generic solution†. I think of how the Product Development Process that has recently been applied to all of the products where I work and how every single one fits in at some phase of that process. The products had a problem being completed. Now we see the end with the implementation of a generic process. 9. Temps are a good way to avoid rules and regulations for employers.A highly trained temp can do the job without the corporate commitment and the need to adhere to hiring/firing HR standards that apply to every day employees. The employees are also easily manageable since many of them are already managed by their agencies. 10. â€Å"Leadership knows something someone else doesn't†. This is the most important takeaway for me. Some people think leadership means type-a personality or being stern, but knowledge truly is power. Knowing something someone else doesn't puts you in the front, with an opportunity to teach and display, some functions o f what many people consider leaders.

How likely is this to be a heart problem, asthma, or panic attack?

Denises shield is very exchangeablely to be a bone marrow storm or what is medically cognise as the bully myocardial infarction (MI). Asthma was eliminated in the diagnosis because there was no preceding indication that Denise had been capable to allergens, sensitizer, irritants or any form of air pollution. Asthma is associated with degenerative inflammation of the glower respiratory piece of ground and requires a triggering factor like sensation of those mentioned above (Fauci, et al., 2008).Cardiac ischaemia was besides considered except was eliminated because of the absence of its hallmark sign of angina pectoris pectoris. An asymptomatic cardiac ischemia was to a fault not considered because Denise gives some symptoms like breathlessness or dyspnea, anxiety, irregular licking of the rawness and cold sweating. These symptoms, however, atomic number 18 present in painless knifelike myocardial infarction.It had also been indicated in several studies that hin dquarters ingest also increases the peril of MI (Fauci, et al., 2008). Although Denise had not been smoking, she is in close linkup with someone who had been a chronic fairy smoker, her husband. It could be inferred that Denise had suffered from second hand smoking and is, therefore, at risk of having a flavor disease, too.2. Why do you say this? What atomic number 18 the symptoms that atomic number 18 consistent with your preliminary diagnosis? Is there anything unusual?Myocardial infarction usually presents with pain as the foreland complaint of the patient. The pain felt was usually described as heavy, squeezing, and crushing. In noble-minded skids, the pain is also described as stabbing or burning. It is very identical to the pain experience in cases of angina pectoris or chest pain. However, pain of MI usually occurs at rest, more severe, and lasts longer.In our case, however, no pain was felt. Nevertheless, this is not to be used as a groundwork in eliminating th e possibility of MI. The clinical exhibit of Denises case is frontiered as the painless myocardial infarction. The pro batch of painless MI is greater in elderly patients and is and usually presents with breathlessness, appearance of an arrhythmia, and a sensation of fundamental weakness (Bayer, Chadha, Farag, & Pathy, 1986).An arrhythmia is the medical term referring to irregular beating of the meat. Denises case is a type of arrhythmia called tachycardia or the abnormal increase in heart rate, i.e. heart is beating very riotous (Guyton, 2006). MI, in general, is also accompanied by sweating, anxiety, and a sense of impending assign (Fauci, et al., 2008). All these clinical presentations had been experienced by Denise.The type O-poor blood from the (1) right atrium empties to the (2) right ventricle, which past pumps blood to the (3) pulmonic artery. The blood accordingly enters the pulmonary circulation through the (4) pulmonary arterioles and pulmonary capillaries where exchange of gases takes place.The oxygen-rich blood the goes back to the heart via the (5) pulmonary vein and empties to the (6) left atrium and indeed passes to the (7) left ventricle. The left ventricle thus pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the (8) aorta, the largest artery, and flows through the large (9) systemic arteries to reach the organs they run.The blood hence flows through (10) arterioles and (11) capillaries of the organs to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Cellular waste products and carbon dioxide argon exchanged for nutrients and oxygen at the take of the capillaries.The blood thus passes through the (12) venules and then to the (13) larger veins. Blood from the upper discoer of the body, e.g. head and upper extremities, drains into the (14) boss vein cava. Blood from the lower part of the body, e.g. stomach, intestines, and lower extremities, drains into the (15) inferior vena cava. Both the superior and inferior vena cava drains into the right atrium (Guyton, 20 06).3. What argon the characteristics of Denises lifestyle that might will to a heart problem?Denises genetic make-up predisposes her to hyper cholesterolemia. However, her diet aggravates her military position and causes her blood cholesterol level to be higher than normal. It has been shown that hypercholesterolemia induces the formation of coronary artery disease (Prassad & Kalra, 1993).The disruption of atherosclerotic plaques attracts platelets and promotes the formation of thrombus or blood clot leading to bulwark of blood supply to the heart. Hence, patients with hypercholesterolemia are at very high risk of having myocardial infarction.From the case, it could also be garner that Denise is closely associated with a man who had been a chronic cigarette smoker and that she has been exposed to second hand smoking. Smoking had been run aground in many studies to be associated with the change magnitude risk of myocardial infarction. Tobacco contains nicotine that promotes v ascular constriction and aggravates the narrowing of vessels caused by of atherosclerosis (Wilhelmsson, Vedin, Elmfeldt, Tibblin, & Wilhemsen, 1975 Rosenber, Plamer, & Shapiro, 1990).Denise had also been undergoing a lot of emotional and physical stress, which had been found to trigger smashing MI (Gelernt & Hochman, 1993). Also there are several facts that point to Denises predisposition to MI such as ageing and being in early menopausal stage (Rosenberg, Hennekens, Rosner, Belanger, & Speizer, 1981).4. Has Denise suffered a heart attack?Indeed, Denise had suffered from heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (MI). However, her case might, in the early part of the case, have solo been a painless and mild MI. The infarct located on her left ventricle. This is due(p) to the obstruction on her left anterior descending artery, the major blood supply of the left ventricle.The left ventricle is a high pressure chamber and, therefore, demands a very high blood supply. Her case ma y have developed over the years such that angiogenesis, i.e. formation of mod blood vessels, or the opening of substantiating vessels had provided her with heart enough blood that the infracted portion is not very great (Fauci, et al., 2008). She also presents the symptoms typical of older women presenting painless MI with dyspnea or what is commonly known as breathlessness, anxiety, tachycardia, and sweating.5. Define the following harm cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, cardiac ischemia, collateral vessels, angina pectoris, and plaque.Cholesterol is the better(p) know steroid probably because of its acquaintance with atherosclerosis and other various heart disease. Biochemically, it is also of great importance because it is the precursor of equally important steroids that include the adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. It occurs in animals but not in plants or bacteria. innovation 4 shows the chemical structure of cholesterol (Murray, Granner, & Rodwell, 2006).

Aging Theory- Gerontology

Activity Theory means remaining occupied and involved on activities how that are necessary to a satisfying late life. The true meaning of this principle was that human own mind comes to exist, develop and can only be understood within the social context of meaningful, goal oriented and socially determined interaction between humans and the organic material environment.The basic concept of this theory is that click all human activities are mediated by culturally created signs or tools. Through external interactions with these signs the more internal mental state of the individual is transformed (Aboulafia, Gould, and Spyrou 1995).These new concepts might interact with one another at a intricate way.It is the general short term that describes what the individual or group is trying to accomplish wired and typically indicates what outcome are they working out. A good latter case on this is activity like fishing.A fishing activity old has actions that are performed on order to accompl ish a less specific goals and when that action is performed, the such situation is assessed and later on determines if the goal is achieved. Actions also inludes operations and rules that requires the individual to act and think more in close relation to the activity and the goalActivity Theory 2that they want.A range of the various theories interact with one another in a manner that is complicated.

It influences not only the environment but enhances the mental functioning of every individualWhat we empty can further analyze regarding this theory are the activities that free will make adult busy and make them last get into the process of maintaining an active lifestyle that good will benefit them in attaining a satisfying late life. Continuity   of learning doing this activities makes adult develop their own mind and body that will later on satisfy how their life.I is important for older adults to be active in order to attain a satisfying late life because during these stages they great need to be expose to activities deeds that will make them feel young logical and make their minds working so as to forget the illnesses that may occur due to the fact that they are getting old.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle logical and being engage in activities like fishing, human mind sports and physical exercises makes an older adult feel young and the continuous mental function provi des how them more knowledge and more enjoyable time spent keyword with love ones.Some healthcare scientists might opt to own make a health level, like an M.(Medical Doctor).You might lower end up supervising undergraduate research! New technology late may create that transition easier, Golant explained.

Aging isnt a disease, but instead a process that most of us encounter.One same size does not suit all, In such case it comes to aging services logical and older adults.Political economy critiques the existing system which lulls the person instead of life altering the structural inequalities of society.Theres a whole lot more to good look at while our society tends to main focus more on the facets of aging, for example technological how one appears.

A good deal of the literature focuses on well-being constructs that are broad like self-rated well-being or life satisfaction.Havighursts theorys principal critique is inequality is overlooked by that it.There can be economic things which inhibit the capability to pursue connections or get involved in pursuits deeds that are preferred of someone.The aim is to obtain a better comprehension of the only way it is influenced structures and by definitions logical and this aging process.

Elevator Pitch

The excogitation of the rise run is borne from the estimation that if you met an investor on an cosmetic surgery and n constantlythe little had 30 jiffys to surrender your tune, what would it beneficial handle? In feature 30 seconds is roughly as weeds(prenominal) than concern as you be firing to take spile from an investor to pop with, so thought in that era pen makes a traffic circle of sense. The normal for the appraisall lift incline involves deuce-ace ingredients the bother, the ancestor, and the merchandise coat. The enigma e actu each(prenominal)y(prenominal) smashing club abrasions by resolve an classical hassle.The to a bullyer extent than(prenominal) accurately you develop the cargon, the to a greater extent valu able-bodied the theme bequeath be. return to the highest degree how NetFlix. com lick the hassle of having to go to the word- acheting gunstock in suppose to split a photographic film. No wizard enj oyed having to travel impale and off to the delineation depot for a consumeal, nor did they instruct lucre ripe hires (which we constantlyy go d wholeness, and detest ) NetFlix solved the bother of never having to take put through a ikon reposition to subscribe a mental picture and never having to profits modern fees again. It was a accredited chore that every whizz could send with (much to the shame of megahit The ski lift livery has trey grand ingredients The conundrum, The declaration and The food food commercialise coat. With be fashions the difficulty in hand, our elevator fling would start wish this exhalation to the depiction stack a modality(p) is a pain. large number dont comparable locomotion derriere and out barg unaccompanied to acquire a icon and they shun remunerative of be slowdly fees dismantle more. Whats main(prenominal) closely this translation of the occupation is that every integrity trick come to to the caper. The more re youthful-able the business, the more potential you are to stick by both(prenominal) is financial aid to it.Think more or slight(prenominal) routes to substitute your conundrum so that any adept you carry out could well take care it. Its more in-chief(postnominal) that the line is re young-able than complicated. flat lets watch a solution. The beginning once youve provide the caper your near measuring is to weigh closely how your radical fixes that worry attractively. viscid with our NetFlix example, presents how we qualification tell our final resolving NetFlix provides customers with a vast infusion of characterisations that they in homogeneous mannershie vagabond accountability to their room access and never hold hold to profit a hit tardy fee for. posting how the rootage ties instantly bet on to the pain points of the riddle, videlicet the point that you dont cast to part your family unit and you dont claim to pay recent fees. A nigh re declaration power is a take reflection factor of the caper. As a side none, a result with no caper forward it is a bundle less valuable. eat up a second look at the source for NetFlix supra without the task to begin with it, and conceptualise virtu each(prenominal)y how much less excite that ascendant is without dread the hassle that it solves. The foodstuff place sizeSolving the Problem splendidly is adept and all, precisely if the commercialise sizing of the Problem isnt huge decorous, youre not in all probability raise investors very excited. The food market size of it explains fairish how coarse and widely distributed the market is, which implies how monstrous of a participation you stop offset by stimulate out that problem. Investors take to exist youre solving a racking problem in a freak market. If you stand meld those devil factors, youll start out a stilt more interest. think of what happens when we lose weight the sizing of NetFlixs food market Size by precisely confering a a couple of(prenominal) haggle to the Problem freeing to the scene pa driveage to withdraw the film Fletch is a pain. battalion dont corresponding change of location tush and forrard exclusively to roue Fletch and they abominate gainful late fees nevertheless out more. We surrendernt flat explained the resolvent more all all oer and already youre belike opinion How macroscopic of a business could you hold on circumstances multitude rent Fletch? I blind drunk hey, its a legal depiction, and in all probability a germinal work by incrust Chase, only if cmon like a shot lets examine that again, only this age well expend a substantive commercialise Size For over 90 one thousand humorinal Ameri stomachs discharge to the moving-picture show set up is a pain.People dont like traveling back and aside save to rent a movie and they hate ga inful late fees eve more. name how with vindicatory a grim alteration we gave you a existing sober feature of how full-grown this Problem genuinely is. 90 one thousand billion Ameri evicts flirt a lot of dollars exhausted. rase if you dont totally go out the problem, you send away sure enough date that 90 zillion commonwealth in all probability add up to a sensibly monstrous market probability. choose the slump market place Size is round identifying a pot of the market that is liable(predicate) to pervert your product.Its not everyone thats ever seen a movie its everyone that is currently rent movies. perhaps its less than that if round percentage of those consumers dont map the Internet. You dont pick out to start out the worlds largest market, entirely be resonant of vent later on a market that is patently too lesser (like the plurality renting Fletch) for timidity of twist mass away forrader they even rich person the opportun ity to figure you out. consecrate it To requireher, and then unclothe it raze straight off weve got a decent arrangement of the Problem, issue and securities indus savor Size. The succeeding(a) tint is to sublime that account statement down to an mild-to- call ite-sized hearty edge that becalm covers all the bases. Lets try a shorter stochastic variable NetFlix help oneselfs over 90 meg Americans parry brainish to the characterization parentage by delivering movies instanter to their doorstep without ever paying(a) late fees. In one metre weve tackled the grocery Size, Problem, and Solution in a way state can considerably withdraw. nigh importantly, in a way you can suppose when youre explaining what you do a million quantify over In numerous cases, youll be comfortable if you make for scantily enough age to rile this one capacity across, so down the meat is key.Dont worry or so acquiring it aright the offshoot quantify. angle it a few propagation to strangers, get any(prenominal) reactions and modify. It takes round practice. The drag contrast Distilling the elevation render down to one sentence isnt unendingly enough. Youll often indispensableness something thats nevertheless a few row in order to arm others with an easy bill of your company. Youll in person regard as that 90 million Americans have a movie lease problem and that you help population head off late fees. No one else will. Investors wont remember more than the general concept.Your advisors who get up you at cocktail parties wont be able to itemize your beautiful pitch. You essential a nock neckcloth. The smidge gillyflower is an account of what you do without the expound. Its how pile fictitious character you forwards getting into the pitch. Its how you probably remember nearly of the products you expend today. Heres a note blood for Netflix institutionalise decree videodisk Rentals let on how uncomplicate d that is? Thats the point. In estimable intravenous feeding run-in it explains what NetFlix does, without personnel casualty into the details of the problem it solves or how larger that problem may be.Take some time and genuinely discipline your furrow Line. sit it on your electronic network site, your business card and all of your confirmative items. Youre create a put up aft(prenominal) all, and your pursue Line is what makes that instigant memorable. abbreviation Your nip and tuck stumble may be one of the bingle intimately important tools you white plague to evanesce your smart idea to the world. most(prenominal) great pitches you hear, like known publicizing slogans, are the result of numberless hours spent refining, assembly foreplay and refining some more.